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A product-service system (PSS), also known as a ''function-oriented business model'', is a business model, developed in academia, that is aimed at providing sustainability of both consumption and production. == What is PSS? == Product Service Systems, put simply, are when a firm offers a mix of both products and services, in comparison to the traditional focus on products. As defined by (van Halen, te Riele, Goedkoop) "a marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user's needs". PSSes can be realized by smart products. The initial move to PSS was largely motivated by the need on the part of traditionally oriented manufacturing firms to cope with changing market forces and the recognition that services in combination with products could provide higher profits than products alone.〔M. Sawhney, S. Balasubramanian, and V. Krishnan, “Creating Growth with Services,” MIT Sloan Management Review (Winter 2004): 34-43.〕 Faced with shrinking markets and increased commoditization of their products, these firms saw service provision as a new path towards profits and growth.〔K. Bates, H. Bates, and R. Johnston, “Linking Service to Profit: The Business Case for Service Excellence,” International Journal of Service Industry Management 14, no. 2 (2003): 173-184; and R. Olivia and R. Kallenberg, “Managing the Transition from Products to Services,” 160-172.〕 While not all product service systems result in the reduction of material consumption, they are more widely being recognized as an important part of a firm's environmental strategy. In fact, some researchers have redefined PSS as necessarily including improved environmental improvement. For example,(Mont)defines PSS as "a system of products, services, supporting networks, and infrastructure that is designed to be competitive, satisfy customers' needs, and have a lower environmental impact than traditional business models"〔("Sustainable Services Systems (3S): Transition towards sustainability?" ); Towards Sustainable Product Design, 6th International Conference, October 2001, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Centre for Sustainable Design. 2001-11-09.〕 Mont elaborates her definition as follows: A PSS is pre-designed system of products, service, supporting infrastructures, and necessary networks that is a so-called ''dematerialized'' solution to consumer preferences and needs. It has also been defined as a "self-learning" system, one of whose goals is continual improvement.〔Bill Cope and Diana Kalantzis| pages=19,26| date=2001| publisher=Common Ground| isbn=1-86335-071-3〕 This view of PSS is similar to other concepts commonly seen in the environmental management literature, such as "dematerialization"〔Eva Heiskanen (2000). Dematerialisation: the potential of service-orientation and Information Technology; Eva Heiskanen, Mikko Jalas, and Anna Kärnä (2000). "The Dematerialisation Potential of Services and IT: Futures Studies Methods Perspectives". Quest for the Futures Seminar Presentation, Helsinki School of Economics, Organisation & Management, June 2000; Eva Heiskanen and Mikko Jalas (2000). (''Dematerialization Through Services — A Review and Evaluation of the Debate'' ); Finnish Ministry of Environment. pp. 436.〕 and "servicizing."〔Rothenberg, Sandra, Sustainability Through Servicizing, Sloan Management Review, January, 2007; White, A., M. Stoughton, and L. Feng, “Servicizing: The Quiet Transition to Extended Product Responsibility.” Tellus Institute for Resource and Environmental Strategies, 1. (to The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste, May 1999 ).〕 === Servicizing === "''Servicizing''" is a transaction through which value is provided by a combination of products and services in which the satisfaction of customer needs is achieved either by selling the function of the product rather than the product itself, or by increasing the service component of a product offer. The concept is based on the idea that what customers want from products is not necessarily ownership, but rather the function that the product provides or the service the product can deliver. This means that the provider of "servicizing solutions" may get paid by the unit-of-service (or product function) delivered, as opposed to the (more traditional) unit-of-products sold. ;Types One type of servicizing solutions is based on transactions where payment is made—not for the "product"—but for the "product-service package" (part of PSS) which has been sold to the customer. This servicized purchase extends the buying transaction from a one-time sale (product acquisition), to a long-term service relationship (such as in the case of a long-term maintenance-free service contract). Another type of servicizing may be a strategy for providing access to services for people who cannot afford to buy products outright. For example, in the case where auto ownership is economically unfeasible, creative servicizing offers at least three possible solutions: one in which transportation can be achieved ''simultaneously'' (as in car-pooling); one in which transportation can be achieved ''sequentially'' (as in car-sharing);〔 and one in which transportation can be achieved ''eventually'' (rent-to-own). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Product-service system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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